"Byaba byo gute ntabizi?" Amwe mu makosa mu mitekerereze ashobora gutesha agaciro igitekerezo.

Gutekereza no gutanga igitekerezo bishobora gufatwa nk'igikorwa cyoroshye cyangwa gikomeye bitewe n'agaciro nyir'ukubikora abiha.N'ubwo ari ingingo idakunda kugwarukwaho kenshi, ni imwe mu zikomeye zongerera umunyeshuri amahirwe yo kureba kure no kubasha gutsinda ibibazo bisaba kureba kure. Hari amakosa ashobora gukorwa mu gutanga ingingo zishyigikira igitekerezo akaba intandaro yo kugitesha agaciro rimwe kakanabura burundu.

Amakosa nk'ayo ashobora kugereranywa mu ndimi z'amahanga nka "Logical Fallacies" n'ubwo hari abatabura kuyabarira mu byitwa"Cognitive biases".

Mu myigishirize ya buri munsi cyane cyane mu masomo asaba gutanga ibitekerezo ku ngingo ziba zatanzwe, hari henshi biba ngombwa ko amakosa nk'aya agabanyuka mu biga kugira ngo ibitekerezo byabo birusheho kugira imbaraga igihe babisobanura haba mu mvugo cyangwa se mu nyandiko.

Muri iyi nyandiko , tugiye kurebera hamwe byibuze amakosa 5 umunyeshuri ndetse n'undi uwo ari we wese yakabaye agendera kure kugira ngo arusheho kugaragaza ibitekerezo bye.

1.Ibi ni ukuri kuko nta kindi mbiziho (Argument from ignorance) : mu nyandiko y'ubushakashatsi ya Richard Robinson (1950) atanga urugero. "Isi yari ifite intangiriro; impamvu ari byo ni uko tutazi niba itagira intangiriro"

2.Impamvu yateye biriya ni iyi nta yindi (Causal oversimplification, fallacy of the single cause): Ubu ni uburyo abantu bashobora kwibwira ko ikintu babona nk'ingaruka nta kundi byaba byagenze ngo kigerweho usibye uko bo batekereza.

Aha ni ugufata impamvu imwe ukayitirira ingaruka yayo kandi hari izindi mpamvu nyinshi zaba zateye iyo ngaruka. Biba ikosa igihe utekereza gutya aba adafite ibihamya neza ko iyo mpamvu ari yo yonyine yaba nyirabayazana.

3.Na kera ni uku byagendaga, ibya kera ni byo byiza (Appeal to tradition): Mu gitabo Crime Reconstruction, mu mutwe wacyo wa 19 witwa "Forensic Examination Report", abanditsi W. Jerry Chisum, Brent E.Turvey, Jodi Freeman (2011) basobanura ko iyi mitekerereze ijyana no kwibwira ko uko umuntu abikoze igihe kirekire cyangwa ari ko bimenyerewe bihita bisobanura ko ari ko kuri.

Ku rundi ruhande, hari abandi bibwira ko ibintu ubwo ari bishya bisobanura ubwiza bwabyo cyangwa se ukuri kwabyo hatitawe ku kurebera ukuri mu bimenyetso bifatika. Ibyo ni byo abashakashatsi bise Appeal to novelty mu ndimi z'amahanga.

4.Si ko biri, si byo rwose, icyo nzi ni uko atari ko biri, bifate gutyo wowe (Appeal to the stone): Ni uburyo abantu batekerezamo bubaganisha mu guhakana ibintu no gutesha ibindi bitekerezo agaciro ariko batagaragaza impamvu ibyo bitekerezo bindi bidakwiriye kwitabwaho.

Uwatekereje gutya, nk'uko urubuga Effectiviology rubivuga, ashobora kurangwa no guseka uwo baganira hanyuma agahita akora ibishoboka byose ngo badakomeza kuvuga ibyo bavugagaho kubera ko ngo batatinda ku bintu bidafite agaciro.

5. Gufata uruhande rubi ku bintu urebye ibirushyigikira ukirengagiza igice kinini cy'ibyiza kuri iyo ngingo. Uku ni ko Dr. Joe Schwarcz wo kuri Kaminuza ya MCGill asobanura ikosa mu mitekerereze (Fallacy) ryiswe "Cherry picking" mu ndimi z'amahanga. Mu makosa akorwa abantu bashyigikira igitekerezo cyabo harimo kandi kwibwira ko ubwo utabyemera atari byo (Argument from incredulity/Appeal to common sense); ntiyabikora ndamuzi, hari izindi mbaraga zibyihishe inyuma (Divine fallacy) n'andi menshi.

Ni byiza ko umunyeshuri n'umurezi bamenya imiterere y'amakosa nk'aya kugira ngo umurezi arusheho kuyobora umunyeshuri mu buryo bwo kurema igitekerezo gifite ingufu kurushaho.