"Ceceka wowe ntacyo wamenya": bumwe mu buryo butatu abantu bagaragaza ubumenyi bwabo (Igice cya I)

"Ceceka nkubwire, abaciriritse nkawe ntabwo bamenya ibintu nk'ibi ngiye kugusobanurira"

"Hari icyo mbiziho, ariko gake gake twafatanya nkamenya ibiruseho"

"Reka ngerageze ndebe, ariko se byaba byo ra? Ntakwicira ibintu!"

Waba warigeze kumva imwe muri izi mvugo? Zishobora kuranga abantu bitewe n'uburyo bagaragazamo ubumenyi bafite.

Hari ababa bafite ubumenyi ku bintu ibi n'ibi bakabukandagiza abandi; abagira ubumenyi ariko ntibizere ko babufite hakaba kandi n'ababugira bakamenya imbibi zabwo.

N'ubwo atari bwo buryo bwonyine ubumenyi bwa muntu bugaragara mu bamukikije, turagaruka ku cyo siyansi yerekana kuri bimwe biranga uburyo bwa mbere bw'imigagararire y'ubumenyi muri rubanda.

Uburyo tugarukaho muri iki gice cya mbere ni ukugira ubumenyi ukabukandagiza abandi: Mu ndimi z'amahanga byiswe "Intellectual arrogance". Tugenekereje mu Kinyarwanda ni ubwishongozi bushingiye ku bumenyi.

Mu nyandiko ya Alessandra Tanesini, Sanford C. Goldberg (2016) bagaragaza ibiranga umuntu ugaragaza ubumenyi bwe muri ubu buryo.

Muri byo hashobora nko kuba ukwiyumva nk'umuntu uri hejuru bimuviramo gusuzugura abasigaye: Aha uvuga aba yerekana ko usibye we ubizi nta wundi muntu wabasha kubimenya kuri urwo rugero.

Nyuma yo kwerekana ko abo bandi nta kintu babiziho, ukandagiza abandi ubumenyi aba ashobora kwibwira ko abubarusha akabasuzugurira muri rubanda, kubaca mu ijambo, n'ibindi.

Cyakora, aba bashakashatsi bagaragaza ko kuba umuntu avuga ko ibyo bintu abishoboye kandi koko akaba abishoboye ariko atabikandagiza bagenzi be bitamugira umuntu ufite ubwishongozi bushingiye ku bumenyi.

Hari n'abatabura kuvuga ko umuntu ufite ubwishongozi bushingiye ku bumenyi ashobora no kunyuzamo akajya akabiriza ibintu bimwe azi, akabishyira ku rwego rusumba urugero abiziho.

Benshi mu bagiye bavuga kuri iyi ngingo nka Megan Haggard afatanyije n'abandi (2017) bahamya kandi ko uru rwego twagarutseho muri iyi nyandiko ari rwo rwego ruri hejuru mu gukandagiza abantu ubumenyi, hakabaho urundi ruri hasi cyane, bo bakaba baranditse ku ruri hagati.

Sosiyete igenda isa nk'itishimira ubu buryo abantu bagaragazamo ubumenyi bwabo, ariko ntibwari bukwiriye gutera impungenge.

Mu nyandiko ya *Hansson Sven Ove (2022) avuga ko muntu ashobora gusubiramo imyumvire/imyizerere ye (Belief revision) mu buryo butandukanye harimo nko kongera amakuru ku yo umuntu yari asanganywe (Update).

Mu bindi bibaho kandi hari guhindura bike mu byo runaka yemeraga (Semi-revision) ndetse no kwivanamo menshi mu makuru yari ashingiye ku bidafatika agasimbuzwa amashya (consolidation).

N'ubwo hari abakabya mu kwemeza abandi ko uwego rw'ubumenyi bafite ari rwo ruri hejuru y'urw'abasigaye, Aiden P. Gregg na Nikhila Mahadevan (2014) bavuga ko muri rusange muntu yifitemo gushaka kwibwira ko ibyo yemera ari byo bizima.

Ibyo byiyongeraho ko rubanda nyamwinshi yifitemo kwemeza ko izi ibintu ibi n'ibi kandi ukuri ari uko babifiteho amakuru make ugereranyije n'ibishoboka kuri iyo ngingo nk'uko abarimo Ian Church babivuga.

Urugero ni nk'aho umuntu ashobora kwemeza ko azi ikaramu ariko ukuri kukaba ko azi igifuniko ibamo, akayipfundikira, n'uko yandika nyamara iby'ubutabire bukoranwa na yo, igihe yamara yandika, impamvu umupfundikizo uba urimo umwenge cyangwa nta wurimo, imikorere y'akajisho kayo n'andi makuru menshi ku ikaramu ukaba utabimubaza.

Muri make, ubwishongozi bushingiye ku bumenyi iyo bugaragaye muri sosiyete bubangamira umusaruro ushingiye ku bufatanye mu bumenyi; bikaba bibi ku munyeshuri no ku mwarimu kuko bishobora kubangamira imyigire, imyigishirize n'imikoranire hagati ye na bagenzi be.

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* Hansson, Sven Ove, "Logic of Belief Revision", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2022 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.)