Kwiga hanze byaba igisobanuro cyo kujegajega kw'ireme ry'uburezi mu gihugu umunyeshuri aturukamo?

Iki kibazo n'ibindi biteye gutya ni ibyakunzwe kugaragara ko bidasiba mu kuvugwaho muri rubanda cyane cyane muri Afurika.

Ni ikibazo kandi kitoroshye gusubiza mu gihe ubivuga mu buryo bwe atagaragaza igisobanuro cy'ireme ry'uburezi, aho rishingira, icyitwa gutera imbere no gusubira inyuma kwaryo, igipimo agereranya na cyo, uburenganzira bw'uwohereza umunyeshuri kwiga n'ibindi.

Ireme ry'uburezi ni iki ?

Ireme ry'uburezi si ikintu gishobora gusobanurwa n'akantu kamwe kandi nta muntu ritareba. Ibi biba bisobanura ko hari byinshi bishobora kuriteza imbere cyangwa kuribangamira kandi bimwe bikaba biri mu bikorwa n'imikorere ya muntu ya buri munsi.

Tugendeye ku gisobanuro cyaryo gikubiye mu itegeko N° 010/2021 ryo ku wa 16/02/2021 mu ngingo ya 2, "ireme ry'uburezi ni urwunge rugizwe n’inyigisho, uburere, ubumenyi n’ubumenyingiro bihabwa umunyeshuri, ubushobozi bw’umwarimu, igipimo cy’ibishorwa mu burezi, aho butangirwa, uburyo bw’isuzumabumenyi n’isuzumabushobozi n’umusaruro uva mu burezi bifasha uwo munyeshuri kwiteza imbere no guteza imbere igihugu."

Iri tegeko kimwe n'andi yose nk'uko ashingiye ku bushakashatsi ndetse no ku bipimo mpuzamahanga yumvikanisha ibintu byinshi akerakana n'uruhare ukora isuku mu kigo cy'ishuri agira mu iterambere ry'uburezi.

Hari amahanga arira ayo kwarika iyo abuze abanyeshuri b'abanyamahanga.

Ni iki cyatuma igihugu cy’igihangange cyangwa agace kacyo kabura abanyeshuri b’abanyamahanga kakarira ayo kwarika?

Hari abemera ko umujyi urimo abanyeshuri ubateza imbere; babura hakagerernywa n'iriba ritagira amazi(Ifoto yakuwe kuri The King City Rustler))

Usibye abanyeshuri b’abanyamahanga kenshi bajya kwiga mu bindi bihugu babishaka, ibihugu bagiyemo hari igihe binabakumbura iyo badahari, bikarira ayo kwarika, abanyagihugu bagatakambira inzego ngo nibagaruke.

Kubera iyo mpamvu ,umubare w’abanyeshuri bahitamo kwiga mu bihugu byo hanze wagiye ukomeza kwiyongera mu bihugu bitandukanye.

Mu Rwanda, umubare w’abanyeshuri b’abanyamahanga bigaga muri Kaminuza y’u Rwanda wari 279 baturuka mu mpande zitandukanye z’isi nk’uko bigaragazwa na Raporo Nsubiranyuma y’Ibarurishamibare yo mu mwaka wa 2018 ya kaminuza y’u Rwanda (Retrospective Statistical Report 1)

Ibyo ni kimwe mu bigaragaza ukuntu abanyeshuri baturuka ku migabane itandukanye bajya mu yindi bakomeje gufata umwanya wihariye mu burezi bw’ibindi bihugu.

Nko mu mwaka 2019, umubare w’abanyeshuri b’Abanyafurika babaruwe na Minisiteri y’Uburezi y’Ubushinwa wari 81,562 bangana na 16.57% by’abanyamahanga bose.

Urubuga statistica.com rugaragaza ko mu mwaka wa 2018, Ubushinwa bwakiriye abanyeshuri 50 600 bo muri Koreya y’Epfo, 20 995 bo muri Amerika, 19 239 b’Abarusiya , 10 695 b’Abafaransa n’abandi benshi.

Aha ni ho bamwe bahera bibaza niba ari ngombwa guhita hahuzwa ireme ry’uburezi ridateye imbere mu bihugu abanyeshuri baturukamo n’iriteye imbere mu bihugu bajyamo.

Mbere y’umwaduko wa COVID 19, Ositarariya yari icumbikiye abarenga ibihumbi 600, barimo abashinwa ibihumbi 160 bagize 40% by’abanyeshuri b’abanyamahanga bose.

Mu mwaka wa 2019, abanyeshuri b’abanyamahanga kandi bari bagize 21% by’abanyeshuri bose biga mu makaminuza y’icyo gihugu.

Inkuru ya Al Jazeera yo mu mpera z’umwaka wa 2021 ivuga ko ibyo byinjirizaga igihugu [Ositarariya] miliyari $29.5, bikaza ku mwanya wa kane mu bituruka hanze byinjiriza igihugu amadovize menshi.

Iby’ingenzi bigenga amahitamo yo kwiga mu bindi bihugu.

Kugira ngo turebe neza impamvu ishobora kwihisha mu kuba umunyeshuri ajya kwiga hanze n’igituma Ositarariya yararize ayo kwarika, ni ngombwa ko tureba ku mpamvu “rusunitsi” (Push factors) n’impamvu “rukuruzi”(Pull factors) iyo byakoreshejwe mu rujya n’uruza rw’abanyeshuri (International Students Mobility)

Nk’uko abashakashatsi butandukanye bubisobanura, impamvu ‘rusunitsi’ ni impamvu ziba mu gihugu zituma umunyeshuri ahitamo kujya kwiga ahandi, mu gihe impamvu ‘rukuruzi’ zigizwe n’ibiba mu gihugu umunyeshuri yumva ashaka kujyamo zituma yumva icyo gihugu ari cyo gikwiriye kuba amahitamo ye.

Impamvu rusunitsi na rukuruzi (Push-pull factors) ni nyinshi ku rugero no gukabya inzozi zo kugenda mu kinyabiziga cyambukiranya umupaka cyangwa muri rutemikirere, kurya amafunguro y’ahandi, kubona indi mico n’ibindi…. byaba bihagije kugira ngo umunyeshuri ahitemo igihugu ajya kwigamo.

Kuki byageze aho New South Wales ikumbura abanyeshuri bo mu mahanga?

New South Wales ni Leta yo mu majyepfo ya Ositarariya. Ifite umurwa mukuru witwa “Sydney” ikagira abaturage barenga miliyoni 8 ku buso bungana na km2 809,952.

Ikarita igaragaza Leta ya New South Wales muri Australia

Mu itangazo Dominic Perrottet wari umubitsi wa guverinoma yayo yageneye abanyamakuru muri Kamena 2021, hari aho yagize ati “abanyeshuri bo mu bindi bihugu ni agace kamwe k’ingenzi tubura mu gusubiza ubukungu ku murongo, kuko mu mwaka wa 2019 ni urwego rwari ruhwanye na miliyari $14.6”

Iryo tangazo rivuga ko iyo Leta yari ifite abanyeshuri ibihumbi 250 b’abanyamahanga, imirimo ibakomokaho ikaba yari ibihumbi 95. Kutabagira byatumaga Leta ihomba miliyari $1.5 buri kwezi, bikaba byari kuzatinza izamuka ry’ubukungu ryazahajwe n’icyorezo COVID-19 ku buryo byazasaba ibinyacumi by’imyaka ngo urwo rwego rusubire ku murongo.

Iyo ni imwe mu mpamvu zikomeye zatumye Leta ya New South Wales itegura kwiyemeza gutangira kujya yakira abanyeshuri 250 buri byumweru bibiri, ndetse ikanagera aho yakira abantu 3000 buri cyumweru nyuma yo gutegura neza uburyo bakwakirwa budakwirakwiza icyorezo cya COVID-19.

Iri tangazo ryasohotse nyuma y’ibyahihwiswaga ko abafite amaguriro magari (Supermarkets) n’abakodesha amazu bari baratangiye gutakambira leta ngo igarure abanyeshuri kuko babakoreraga imirimo ku mafaranga make abandi bakabakodeshaho amazu ku giciro cyari kibatunze.

Ibi byatumye nko ku wa 6 Ukuboza 2021, abanyeshuri 266 bo mu bihugu 19 birimo Canada, Ubushinwa, Indonesia, Singapore, Koreya y’Epfo na Vietnam bafashwa gusubira ku ishuri, ku wa 24 Ukuboza 2021 abandi banyeshuri 243 bo Majyepfo y’Aziya berekeje muri Ositarariya nk’uko urubuga rwa Guverinoma ya New South Wales rubitangaza.

Dominic Perrottet, Minisitiri w’intebe wa 46 wa Leta ya New South Wales-Yahoze ari we mubitsi w’iyo leta mbere y’uko atorwa ku wa 5 Ukwakira 2021.

Ibyo gukumbura no gukurura banyeshuri bo mu mahanga ntibigarukira mu kuba bakenewe ngo binjirize urwego rw’imari gusa, kuko no mu rwego rw’ubumenyi baba bakenewe.

Ni muri urwo rwego ibihugu byinshi birimo Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Amerika, Turukiya, Denmark, Ubushinwa n'ibindi byongereye imbaraga mu gukurura abanyeshuri bo mu mahanga .

Nk'uko VOA ibivuga mu nyandiko yayo yo mu mwaka wa 2017, raporo yo mu mwaka wa 2015 ku bukungu bwa Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Amerika yagaragaza ko amafaranga y'ishuri abanyeshuri b'abanyamahanga bishyura yongeraga Miliyari $32.8 ku bukungu bw'Amerika. Mu rwego rwo guhahira ubumenyi ku bindi bihugu, VOA ivuga ko Amerika yari ifite abanyeshuri abanyeshuri barenga 310,000 biga hanze higanjemo ababa bazamarayo igihe gito.

Ku rundi ruhande, ibindi bihugu nk’Ubuyapani bihangayikishwijwe no kuba hari bamwe mu banyeshuri babyo badakozwa ibyo kubivamo iyo bisinyane n’amahanga amasezerano y’ubufatanye mu guhanahana ubumenyi.

Amahitamo si amaburakindi!

Umuntu ashobora guhitamo mu byo akunda abandi bakamufata nk'uwahisemo neza cyangwa nabi bitewe n'uko bifuza ko bahuza amahitamo. Nk'uko mu buzima busanzwe bigenda, nta gitangaza kiba kirimo iyo bikozwe mu burezi.

Iyo hifujwe ko runaka agomba kwiga mu gihugu iki n'iki kubera ubushake bw'ibivugwa na benshi hahita hibazwa niba imibereho n'amahitamo y'umuntu ku burezi bigomba kugenwa n'igitutu cy'abandi. Imibare iri muri iyi nyandiko irerekana ko bigoranye guhita hahuzwa kwiga hanze no kuzamba mu gihe haterekanwa ibipimo byo gutera imbere no gusubira inyuma k'uburezi. Ikindi kandi kigaragara ni uko nta gihugu cyihagije ku buryo kitakwigira ku kindi, akaba ari byo bituma urujya n'uruza rw'abanyeshuri ruhoraho kandi rukaba rukenewe.

Time Association na yo ivuga ku mibare ya *OECD (2017), yateganyaga ko mu mwaka wa 2025 ku isi hose hazaba hari abanyeshuri miliyoni 8 biga mu bihugu bitari ibyabo ariko ikongeraho ko icyorezo COVID-19 cyagabanyije umuvuduko w'uko abanyeshuri nk'aba biyongera.

Uko bikomeza kugorana kwemeza niba ibihugu bikiri mu nzira y’amajyambere bizagira ubushobozi bwo kugumana abanyeshuri ku buryo ibihugu bikize bitabatwara, ni na ko bamwe badasiba gutebya bati “ibihugu bikize bizajye bitanga indezo” ari na ko hibazwa niba uburezi bw’ibihugu hari icyo bwakwigira ku mupira w’amaguru.

Politiki zigenga uburezi mu bihugu zikwiriye kongerwamo uburyo burushaho gutekereza uko abanyeshuri bongera ubushobozi bwo kwiyumvamo ko aho bari hose bagira uruhare rwabo mu iterambere ry’aho baturuka.

Muri izo politiki kandi hakwiriye gushyirwaho uburyo abanyeshuri nk'abo bajya bamenya kenshi ibyo ibihugu baturukamo bikeneye kugira ngo babone uko biga uruhare rwabo mu kuba igisubizo ku bibazo by'ahakenewe imbaraga zabo.

Ibyo byarushaho gufasha ibihugu cyane cyane ibikiri mu nzira y'amajyambere kandi bikanagabanya urugero rwo kwitana ba mwana ku cyaba kibangamira ireme ry'uburezi kuko bikomeza kurushaho kugaragara ko ubushobozi bw’ibihugu abanyeshuri bajyamo ari imwe mu mpamvu rukuruzi zikomeye zituma babihitamo.

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*Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development