Menya icyo usabwa gusubiza mu gihe ubonye amwe muri aya magambo akoreshejwe mu kizamini.

Icyitonderwa: Iyi nyandiko yanditswe muri Mata, 2016; ivugururwa mu Gushyingo 2018. Byinshi mu biyikubiyemo bishingiye ku bushakashatsi no ku byo umwanditsi yagiye yitegereza (Observation). Uwaba ufite igitekerezo kinyuranye na yo, hari ubujyanama yaduha cyangwa hari ibindi yadusangiza, yatwandikira mu mwanya wagenewe abasomyi.

Muri iki gihe, abanyeshuri bashobora kudatsinda neza mu bizamini bidaturutse ku kuba ibyo babazwa batabizi, ahubwo bigaterwa n’uko batasobanukiwe neza ibyo babazwa. Ibyo bigaragazwa n’uko hari abanyeshuri bava mu bizamini, basobanurirwa ibyo babajijwe bagasanga byari byoroshye; kandi nyamara bitagishobotse ko basubira gukora ibyo bizamini!

Ubushakashatsi bwa Porofeseri Angelina Kioko dushobora gusanga ku rubuga https://www.britishcouncil.org bugaragaza ko umunyeshuri ufite ibyo azi mu rurimi kavukire bimworohera kubimenya mu ndimi z’amahanga.

Twifashishije kamwe mu duce tw’inyandiko ye yo ku wa 16 Mutarama 2015, hari aho agira ati “…if you teach learners in their mother tongue, that seeds need soil, moisture and warmth to germinate, you do not have to re-teach this in English. When they have developed adequate vocabulary in English, they will translate the information….”

Tugenekereje mu kinyarwanda, aragira ati “wigishije abanyeshuri [mu rurimi rwabo kavukire] ko imbuto zikenera ubutaka, ubuhehere n’ubushyuhe kugira ngo zimere, si ngombwa kongera kubibigisha mu cyongereza kuko nibagira amagambo ahagije y’icyongereza, bazabyihinduriramo”.

Ntitwakwirengagiza ubushakashatsi bwa Porofeseri Lera Boroditsky (2009); ubw’Umuryango Mpuzamahanga wita ku Burezi, Siporo n’Umuco (UNESCO, 1953) ndetse n’iby’abandi bahanga bagiye bavuga ku ruhare rw’ururimi kavukire mu burezi. Ni yo mpamvu muri iyi nyandiko y’Ikinyarwanda n’Icyongereza tugiye kugaragaza amwe mu magambo akunda gukoreshwa iyo babaza amasomo atandukanye.

I. ZIMWE MU NSHINGA ZIKORESHWA MU KUBAZA

1. Explain / Account for: Sobanura

Explain/account for ni inshinga zitegeka ubajijwe kumvikanisha ibintu kurushaho. Usubiza agomba gutanga amakuru ahagije ku cyo yabajijwe.Aha byumvikane ko umuntu asobanura icyo yabanje kuvuga / kwandika iyo ubaza atagitanze.

Ingero: Explain the constituents of soil. (Geography)

Account for the origin of east African Coastal states.(History)

  Explain different ways of reducing the monopolist power in your country.(Entrepreneurship)

Twifashishije iki kibazo  mu isomo rya “entrepreneurship”, mbere yo gusubiza ni ukubanza ukavuga “ways of reducing the monopolist power” hanyuma ukavuga imwe ku yindi unayisobanura kuko ubaza aba atazitanze.

2. Discuss: Sobanura (ushobora gushimangira ibitekerezo byawe cyangwa iby’abandi).

Discuss ni inshinga itanga urubuga rwo gusobanura byimazeyo uko ibintu biri yifashishije ibitekerezo by’abantu batandukanye kandi akaba yanashyiraho uko abyumva.

Ibibazo biteye bitya bisaba gutekereza cyane (Higher Order Thinking) bikaba bibarizwa mu bibazo byo gusubiza mu magambo menshi (Open-ended Questions) akaba ari yo mpamvu byakorohera umuntu wasomye ibitabo byinshi cyangwa waganiriye n’inararibonye kuko haba hakwiriye kugaragazwa ingero zifatika zishimangira ibyo usubiza ashaka kumvikanisha.

Ingero:     Discuss the causes of marriage break ups in Rwanda today. (General Paper)

Discuss the characteristics of New Stone Age or Neolithic Period. (History)

3. Describe: Sobanura utanga ishusho y’icyo usobanura.

Describe bivuga gusobanura ku buryo uwumva yumva neza icyo asobanuriwe nk’aho ari kukireba.Usobanuye muri ubu buryo ushobora kubwira umuntu ahantu atageze akaba nk’uwahageze; wamubwira  uko ibintu bikorwa akamera nk’uwo uri kubyereka ku buryo kubikora byamworohera

Ingero:    Describe the process of measuring shapeless objects. (Physics)

Describe your school. (Geography, Social Studies, English…)

                Describe steps of making dough. (General Knowledge…)

4. List/enumerate: Rondora, vuga udasobanuye

List ni inshinga isaba ubazwa kurondora mu buryo ashaka, avuga urutonde rw’ibintu. Ariko iyo hakoreshejwe “enumerate”, aba agomba gutondeka; akavuga ibintu uko bikurikirana.

Aha, ubazwa ashobora gusabwa guhera ku kibanza ajya ku gikurikira ukurikije uko bisumbanya uburemere cyangwa agaciro, cyangwa uko bikuririkirana mu mugendo (process) w’ibikorwa. Nanone kandi, ubazwa yari akwiriye kwita kuri “numero” nk’uko bigaragara mu ijambo enumerate.

Ingero: Enumerate any four methods of price determination in our country. (Economics)

List the main parts of a good composition. (English, ELCS, GS&CS…)

                 List any three bank services known in our country. (Entrepreneurship)

5. State/give: Vuga, tanga ibintu uko biri

State na Give ni inshinga zidusaba gutanga ibintu nk’uko bizwi. Nta gitekerezo ubazwa aba akwiriye kongeraho.

Ingero: Give the chemical equation for photosynthesis.  (Chemistry, Biology)

State two laws of reflection of light. (Physics)

6. Prove: Tanga umugabo, hamya.

Prove ni inshinga itanga itegeko ryo kwerekana ko ibyavuzwe ari ukuri kandi ko wabyemera utabyemera ukwiriye kubishimangira/Kubyemeza. Uretse kwemera ibyavuzwe cyangwa ibyanditswe wifashishije amategeko cyangwa ubundi buryo ubwo ari bwo bwose, ubajijwe nta kindi aba akwiriye gusubiza.

Ingero:      Prove the following identities: (Mathematics)

                   Prove that Charles Babbage is the father of computer. (Computer Sciences)

7. Compare: Gereranya

Ikibazo kigaragaramo inshinga “Compare” gisaba usubiza kugereranya ibintu bibiri agaragaza aho bihuriye cyangwa se aho bitandukaniye.Icyo gihe ubaza atanga ibigereranywa.

Ingero:  Compare PDA with the desktop. (Computer Sciences)

               Compare the bat with other mammals. (Biology)

8. Define: Tanga inshoza

Iyi nshinga “Define” isaba ubazwa gutanga igisobanuro rusange (Definition) cy’ibyo yabajijwe. Iki kibazo kibarirwa mu bibazo bisaba ibisubizo bigufi (Closed-ended Questions).

Ingero:  Define “the population density” (Geography)

              Define gross profit. (Economics, Entrepreneurship)

9. Name: Vuga izina.

Inshinga “Name” isaba ubazwa kuvuga uko icyo yabajijwe bacyita mu magambo yabugenewe muri iryo somo. Bikunda kugaragara cyane mu masomo abamo ibishushanyo bisaba kumenya amazina ya buri gice.

Azwi cyane ni nka Biology,Geography,… Ubaza ashyira inyuguti ku gice cya kimwe mu bishushanyo maze agasaba ubazwa kuvuga izina ry’aho yashyize inyuguti.

Ingero: Name the parts labelled A, C and D.(Geography, Biology). (Vuga amazina y’ibice byiswe A, C na D)

Name the longest river in the world. (Vuga izina ry’umugezi muremure ku isi)

Cyakora ibyo ntibivanaho ko ubazwa yahura n’ibindi bibazo bigaragaramo inshinga “Name” nta bishushanyo bigaragara.

Ingero:   Name five major crops grown in the United States of America. (Geography)

               Name the parts of human ear. (Biology)

10.Differentiate/distinguish: Tandukanya

Izi nshinga zikoreshwa iyo ubaza ashaka ko ubazwa arobanura ibintu bike mu bintu byinshi azi cyangwa bivanze kandi akagaragaza ko koko ibyo bike yarobanuye abisobanukiwe ku buryo yabitandukanya. Bishobora kuba bisa, bijya gusa cyangwa se bitandukanye.

Ingero:  Differentiate ionic bond from covalent bond. (Chemistry)

              Distinguish reptiles from mammals in this list.

II. ANDI MAGAMBO N’INTERURO BIKUNDA KUGARAGARA MU BIZAMINI.

1. The impact of something on something/someone:

E.g: The impact of air pollution on human beings. (Icyo kwandura kw’ikirere byatwara umuntu cyangwa se ingaruka z’iyanduzwa ry’ikirere ku muntu).

Iri jambo “Impact” ryakoreshejwe muri ubu buryo rishobora gusobanura “Ingaruka” ariko ubusanzwe rivuga “Gutuma hari ibihinduka ku kuntu ibintu bisanzwe bimeze”

2. The advantages of/ the role of :

E.g:  The advantages of joining cooperatives. (Inyungu zo kwibumbira mu koperative)

         The role of mosquito nets. (Akamaro k’inzitiramibu)

“The advantages of” ni imbusane ya “The disadvantages of”

3. What is/what are?

E.g:  What is the moral lesson? (Ni irihe somo ririmo ?)

   What are the main components of a computer ? (Ni ibihe bice by’ingenzi bya mudasobwa?)

         What are the factors that led to the downfall of Ghana Empire?(Ni ibihe bintu byatumye ubwami bwa Ghana buhirima?)

Iri jambo risaba kuvuga ibirikurikiye, gutanga igisubizo cy’ibirikurikiye. Ni ngombwa kwita ku nshinga “is” (Singular) na “are” (Plural) kuko zerekana niba ubazwa asubiza kimwe cyangwa ibirenze kimwe.

4. How ? Gute?

How ni ijambo risaba ubazwa kugaragaza uburyo. Risubiza ikibazo “Gute?”

E.g. How did Kanyana order goods from other countries? (Ni mu buhe buryo/ni gute Kanyana yatumizaga ibicuruzwa mu bindi bihugu?)

Nk’uko twatangiye tubivuga, umunyeshuri wasobanukiwe ikibazo mu rurimi rwe kavukire,aba yongereye amahirwe yo kugitsinda.

Iyi nyandiko y’ikinyarwanda yakozwe hifashishijwe ibizamini bitandukanye byakozwe hagati y’umwaka wa 2013-2015,inkoranyamagambo z’icyongereza ndetse n’imbuga za interineti nka http://www.unesco.org, http://www.globalpartnership.org, https://www.britishcouncil.or n’izindi.