Bigenda bite ngo uburezi bwishyurwe kandi bwitwa "ubw'ubuntu" ? Dore igisobanuro cya UNESCO.

Uburezi ni inyigisho zihabwa umuntu mu byiciro binyuranye kugira ngo yongere ubumenyi, ubumenyingiro, ubushobozi, ubwenge n’uburere*. Henshi ku isi, uburezi mu mashuri abanza ni itegeko kandi ni buntu.

Mu ngamba mpuzamahanga z'iterambere rirambye ni hamwe mu hagarukwa ku burezi bw'ubuntu kandi bufite ireme.

Niba ari ubuntu se, kuki hari aho abohereza abanyeshuri ku mashuri basabwa kwishyura amafaranga?

Iyi nyandiko irasubiza iki kibazo mu gisobanuro cya UNESCO. Irifashisha kandi ibyo abashakashatsi bagiye bavuga ku mafaranga atangwa n'ababyeyi mu gihe hari abafataga ijambo "ubuntu" nko kutagira amafaranga na make yakwa uwabugiriwe.

Ijambo uburezi kuri bose ryarushijeho kwamamara kuva mu myaka 30 ishize*. Amaleta yakomeje kugerageza kongera umubare w'ababuhabwa ari na ko yishingira kwishyura bimwe mu byabishyurirwaga. Ibi byose byakorwaga hahamijwe gufasha benshi guhabwa uburezi cyane ko imwe mu mpamvu yatumaga abantu batiga barimo n'ubushobozi buke bwo kwishyura amashuri.

Mu isobanura ry'inyito z'amagambo, ijambo rishobora kugira igisobanuro cyo mu nkoranyamagambo kiba cyumvikana uko kivuzwe mu buryo butaziguye. Ibyo bizwi mu ndimi z'amahanga nka "Denotative meaning of a word".

Tugendeye kuri ubu buryo, kimwe mu bisobanuro by'ijambo free ridakoreshejwe mu nteruro cyaba "kuba nta kiguzi bisaba".

Ku rundi ruhande ariko, ijambo rishobora kugira igisobanuro bitewe n'aho ryakoreshejwe rigahuzwa n'izindi mvugiro cyangwa n'ibindi bisobanuro biryihishe inyuma. Ibyo bizwi nka "Connotation".

Muri uru rwego ni ho ijambo "ubuntu/Free" rifite ubundi buryo risobanurwa. Nka UNESCO isobanura ko uburezi bw'ubuntu buvugwa iyo hari imyaka cyangwa icyiciro cy'amashuri abana cyangwa urubyiruko bahabwamo uburezi butabishyuza amafaranga y'ishuri.

Igisobanuro cy'ijambo "ubuntu" ryakoreshejwe mu burezi

Ikiguzi cy’uburezi ni agaciro k’ibyifashishwa n’ishuri kugira ngo inyigisho zihabwa umunyeshuri zishobore gutangwa kuri buri cyiciro *.

Muri rusange , ikiguzi cy'uburezi kigira ibice bibiri: hari amafaranga ahita ahura ako kanya no gutuma inyigisho zitangwa (ikiguzi kitaziguye/direct fee). Muri yo hari nk'ayo guhemba abarimu, kugura ibikoresho nk'ibitabo n'ibindi*.

Hari kandi nikiguzi cy'uburezi kidahita gihura no gutanga inyigisho (Ikiguzi kiziguye/Indirect fee). Aha harimo ni amafaranga abohereza abanyeshuri ku mashuri bishyura: amatike, impuzankano, ibikoresho umunyeshuri akenera ku ishuri nk'amakayi,amakaramu n'ibindi*.

Hagendewe ku bisobanuro bya UNESCO n'ibigaragara mu nyandiko z'abahanga bavuze kuri iyi ngingo, uburezi bw'ubuntu ibihugu bivuga ni ubwavanyeho ikiguzi kitaziguye cy'uburezi (direct fee) maze ikiguzi gisigaye kikishingirwa n'uruhande rwohereza umunyeshuri kwiga.

"Education Cost Sharing" ni imvugo ikunze gukoreshwa iyo bashaka kuvuga uruhare rwa leta n'urw'umugenerwabikorwa mu gusanganya kwishyura ikiguzi cy'uburezi

Ibi biza binyurana n'ibyifuzo bya sosiyete ndetse n'igisobanuro cy'ijambo mu nkoranyamagambo cyangwa se mu muco bigatuma hitegwa ko uburezi bw'ubuntu ari ubuzishyura ibiguzi byombi mu byagarutsweho mu bika byabanje.

Nk'ingaruka, uko abantu basanzwe basobanura cyangwa basobanukiwe ijambo ntibihita bijyana n'icyo risobanuye mu mvugo y'ibyemezo mpuzamahanga.

Aha biba byiza iyo ibisobanuro by'amagambo bihawe umwanya uhagije mu gusobanura no gushyira mu bikorwa gahunda mpuzamahanga .

===========

* Ingingo ya 2 y'itegeko N° 010/2021 ryo ku wa 16/02/2021 rigena imitunganyirize y’uburezi

* Amasezerano mpuzamahanga y'uburezi kuri bose, Werurwe, 1990

* Michael M. Kretzer (2020). Uburezi bw'ubuntu: imvano, ibyagezweho n'uko bihagaze ubu.